直接引语与间接引语

     直接引语是指原封不动地引述原话，把它放在引号里，间接引语是用自己的话来转述别人的话，没有引号。这两种引语都是复合句中的宾语从句(祈使句变来的间接引语除外)。

     1、直接引语变为间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词、时间和地点状语及某些动词要用相应变化。其变法如下：

      (1)、人称变化与汉语相同。如：

      She said, “I went to see Mr. Liu yesterday.” 她说：“我昨天去看过刘老师了。”

      She said that she had gone to see Mr. Liu the day before. 她说那天她去看过刘老师了。

      (2)、时态的变化列表如下：

直接引语	间接引语
一般现在时： “I am very glad to visit your workshop,” she said. “我很高兴参观你们的车间。”她说。	一般过去时： She said that she was very glad to visit our workshop. 她说她很高兴参观我们的车间。
正在进行时：  “I am checking your homework now,” his mother said.  “我现在正在检查你的作业，”他母亲说。	过去进行时： His mother said that she was checking his homework then. 他母亲说她当时正在检查他的作业。
现在完成时： “Have you handed in the money for the tickets?” the monitor asked. “你交票款了吗？”班长问。	过去完成时： The monitor asked me if I had handed in the money for the tickets. 班长问我是否交票款了。
一般过去时： She said, “My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday.” 她说，“我母亲昨天带我去看了展览。”	过去完成时： She said that her mother had taken her to an exhibition the day before. 她说她母亲前一天带她去看了展览。
过去完成时： “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Her mother asked her. “你是做完作业才看电视的吗？”她妈妈问她。	过去完成时： Her mother asked her if(whether) she had finished her homework before she watched TV. 她妈妈问她是不是完成作业才看电视。
一般将来时：  “I’ll come to see you tonight,” she said to him. 她跟他说，“我今晚去看你。”	过去将来时： She told him that she would go to see him that night. 她跟他说，她当天晚上去看他。
现在(过去)完成进行时： He said, “I’ve been coming to see you for ages.” 他说，“我好久都一直想来看你。” “What had she been eating?”the doctor asked. “她吃什么来着？”医生问。	过去完成进行时： He said that he had been coming to see me for ages. 他说他好久都一直想来看我。 The doctor asked what she had been eating. 医生问她吃什么来着。

但是，要注意下面的情况：

①    主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，间接引语的时态与原来直接引语的时态一样，不必改变。如：

She says, “I will have finished my homework by myself.”她说：“我一定要独自完成作业。”

    She says that she will have finished her homework by herself.

The businessman will say, “I have paid for it.”那位商人肯定会说：“我已经付款了。”

    The businessman will say that he has paid for it.

 ②直接引语说的是科学真理、格言时，无论主句用何时态，间接引语仍用一般时。如：

   The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”

   地理老师说：“太阳在东方升起，在西边落下。”

   The geography teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

 ③直接引语带有表示纯属过去的时间状语时，间接引语仍保持一般过去时，而不改为过去完成时。如：

   The old man said, “I joined the Red Army in 1934.”那位老人说：“我1934年参加红军。”

   The old man said that he joined the Red Army in 1934.

  (3)、指示代词，时间和地点状语及方向性动词的变化如下：

	直接引语	间接引语
指示代词	this	that
	these	those
时        间        状        语	now	Then
	today	that day
	this morning (afternoon…)	that morning (afternoon…)
	tonight	that night
	yesterday	the day before
	last night	the night before
	the day before yesterday	two days before
	The day after tomorrow	In two days
	ago	before
	tomorrow	the next (following)day
	next week (year…)	the next week (year…)
地点状语	here	there
方向性动词	come	go
	bring	take

2、各类句子变为间接引语的要领：

     (1)、直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语用that来引导。主句一般位于句首，其谓语动词通常是say, tell, think, repeat, answer, reply, explain, 等。实际是主句中含宾语从句，一律必须跟一个宾格代词或表示人的名词，再跟that从句。如：

     “I’m leaving for Beijing the day after tomorrow,” he said to his son.

      他对他儿子说：“我后天要去北京了。”

      He told his son that he was leaving for Beijing in two days.

     (2)、直接引语是疑问句时，要先将主句的said或told改为asked，引语将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，句末用逗号。若直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，要将问句改为由if或whether引导的宾语从句，若是特殊疑问句时， 就用原来的疑问词作连词来引导宾语从句，若是选择疑问句时，须用whether(不用if)…or引导宾语从句。凡是疑问句的直接引语均不可用that来引导。如：

    “Are you from London?” the teacher said to me. (直接引语)

     The teacher asked me whether(if) I am from London. (间接引语

“Will you stay at school or go home this summer vacation, Xiao Chen?” said the teacher. 老师问：“小陈，今年暑假你留校还是回家？”(直接引语)

     The teacher asked Xiao Chen whether he would stay at school or went home that summer vacation. (间接引语)

     (3)、直接引语是祈使句时，改为间接引语首先要将主句谓语动词按原文口气改为asked, told, advised, ordered, begged, commanded, warned,

     然后将祈使句的谓语动词变为不定式，成为宾语补足语结构。即：“主语+asked(advised…)+sb.+(not) to do sth.”

     “Copy down this sentence and keep it in mind, please.”said the old

teacher.“把这个句子抄下来，并把它记住，”那位老师说。(直接引语)

     The old teacher told us to copy down that sentence and keep it in mind.  (间接引语)

     “Don’t do that again, boys.” Said the old man.

     “别再做那种事，男孩子们，”那位长辈说。(直接引语)

      The old man advised the boys not to do that again. (间接引语)

      有些表示“提议，建议，要求，劝告”的祈使句，尤其是Let引导的祈使句，改为间接引语时可用suggest, insist, offer等动词或“should+动词原形”加以转述。如：

     “Let’s have a cup of milk.” said the young man.

    “我们饮杯牛奶吧!”这位年轻人说。(直接引语)

      The young man suggested having a cup of milk. (间接引语)

       =The young man suggested that we should have a cup of milk. (间接引语)

      “Stay here for dinner.” My aunt said over and over.

      “在这儿吃饭吧，”我姑妈反复地说。(直接引语)

       My aunt insisted on my staying for dinner. (间接引语)

        =My aunt insisted that I should stay there for dinner. (间接引语)

      (4)、直接引语是感叹句时，可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。如：

    “What a lovely day it is today!”said the visitor.“今天天气多好啊!”游客说。(直接引语)

        The visitor said what a lovely day it was that day. (间接引语)

        The visitor said that it was a lovely day that day. (间接引语)

直接引语和间接引语专项练习
一、 把下列的句子变成间接引语：
1. “I’m leaving for London next week.” My sister said to me.

2. John said, “Mr. Smith has come here.”

3. She said, “Do you want me to help you?”

4. “Did the man in the shop understand him at last?” She said.

5. Mum said, “Can you speak English?”

6. “How many people are there in your family?” He asked the boy.

7. “Don’t worry.” The mother said to the children.

8. He said, “Please give me a book.”

二、 把下列句子变成直接引语：

1. She told us to stop writing and listening to her.

2. She asked me which one I liked the best.

3. He asked whether I had watched TV the night before.

4. Jim asked me if I was busy that day.

5. The old worker told us not to forget the past.

6. Pick said that he would take Mary there the next time.

7. Father asked me who had broken the