打好基础，  注重语境，  灵活运用

——高考英语江苏卷单项选择题中动词试题探析与启示

江苏省东台市第一中学  张锦堂

自2004年至今，普通高等学校招生全国统一考试江苏省自主命题已有四个年头了。从难度上讲，这四年的英语试题基本保持一致，并保持了较好的区分度，做到了难度稳定，考查重点稳定，保证了对教学的良好的反拨作用。就单项选择（语法和词汇知识）题而言，四份试题综合测试了词汇、语法和习语等项目，注重知识点在语境中的运用。

在四份试题的60道单项选择题中，有29道题是与动词有关的，约占本题考查总量的48%。其考查范围涉及动词及动词词组辨析、时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、虚拟语气、主谓一致等方面。试归纳汇总在下表：

考     查 内     容	题    量    与    题    号
	2004年	2005年	2006年	2007年
动词(词组)辨析	2 / 29，30	2 / 23，30	1 / 25	2 / 24，34
时态 / 语态	2 / 26，34	2 / 29，33	2 / 23，27	2 / 23，27
非谓语形式	2 / 25，31	2 / 25，27	2 / 30，32	3 / 28，30，35
情态动词	1 / 22	1 / 31	1 / 21	1 / 22
虚拟语气	——	1 / 33	——	——
主谓一致	——	——	1 / 34	——

语言学习中对动词的掌握和运用，决定了以动词为中心的语言点往往属于语言点的侧重考查范围。从上表看出，04—07年江苏自主命题英语试卷的单项选择（语法和词汇知识）题中，以动词为中心的语言点来说，主要在动词词义或动词词组的区别、时态和非谓语动词三方面考查尤为密集。具体分析如下：

一、考查动词常用含义，重视基础

动词词义或动词词组的考点举例；

1) It's ten years since the scientist __ on his life's work of discovering the valuable chemical.

(2004年29)

  A. made for       B. set out          C. took off          D. turned up

 （划线选项为该题的答案。下同。）

2) A man is being questioned in relation to the _____ murder last night.  (2004年30题 )

    A. advised        B. attended         C. attempted        D. admitted

3) Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ____ jokes.  (2005年23题 )

    A. turning up      B. putting up       C. making up        D. showing up

4) In our childhood, we were often __ by Grandma to pay attention to our table manners. (2005年30题)

A. demanded      B. reminded        C. allowed          D. hoped

  5) --- Are you going to have a holiday this year?

--- I’d love to. I can’t wait to leave this place ________.   (2006年25题)

A. off            B. out             C. behind           D. over

  6) --- Have you ______ some new ideas?

    --- Yeah. I’ll tell you later.   (2007年24题)

    A. come about             B. come into      C. come up with         D. come out with

  7) --- Do you think that housing price will keep ______ in the years to come?

    --- Sorry, I have no idea.   (2007年34题)

    A. lifting up               B. going up             C. bringing up         D. growing up

情态动词考点举例：

1) --- I don't mind telling you what I know.   

--- You ___. I'm not asking you for it.  (2004年22题 )

  A. mustn't          B. may not        C. can't           D. needn’t

2) --- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned.

--- Oh, dear! She _______ a lot of difficulties!  (2005年31题 )

A. may go through                       B. might go through

C. ought to have gone through              D. must have gone through

3) --- I think I’ll give Bob a ring. 

   --- You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.  (2006年21题)

  A. will                      B. may                     C. have to                 D. should

4) --- She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.

    --- I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.   (2007年22题)

    A. should               B. could                  C. must                   D. might

从以上例子可以看出，04—07年的单项选择题中所出现的是对一些较为容易的动词 / 情态动词词义及动词词组之间的区别进行考查。因此，笔者认为，无论是在平时的学习中还是在备考时，同学们都要坚持在常见动词及动词词组方面下功夫，加强词汇的积累、巩固和扩充。同时要注意情态动词的基本用法，尤其要注意“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”的用法，这种结构通常用来表示对已经发生事情的推测、责怪、后悔、遗憾等。

二、考查动词的时语态，强调语境

动词的时态和语态历来是高考考查的一个重要语法项目，江苏卷也不例外。04—07年的单项选

择题中有八道试题与动词的时态和语态有关：

1）Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people _____ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.  （2004年34题）

A. begin           B. began          C. have begun       D. had begun  

2）More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. （2004年26题）

    A. treated    B. have treated     C. had been treated   D. have been treated

3）They _____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____ on it as no good results have come out so far.  （2005年29题）

A. had been working; are still working     B. had worked; were still working

C. have been working; have worked       D. have worked; are still working

4）--- Don't you think it necessary that he _______ to Miami but to New York?

--- I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to. （2005年33题）

A. will not be sent; that  B. not be sent; that  C. should not be sent; what  D. should not send; what

5）Although medical science _____ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. （2006年27题）

    A. achieved               B. has achieved               C. will achieve            D. had achieved

6）--- I don’t suppose the police know who did it.

    --- Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and ________ now. （2006年23题）

    A. has been questioned   B. is being questioned    C. is questioning       D. has questioned

7) At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______.  （2007年23题）

    A. has been reached                               B. had been reached

    C. has reached                                       D. had reached

8) --- ______ you ______ him around the museum yet?

    --- Yes. We had a great time there.   （2007年27题）

A. Have … shown          B. Do … show           C. Had … shown          D. Did … show

这八道试题涉及到一般过去时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时。常见于考点的时态还有：一般现在时、现在完成进行时、过去进行时，一般将来时、过去将来时，将来进行时等。由于考生对主动结构较为熟悉，而对被动结构把握不大，所以命题者为了检测考生的应变能力，往往有意避开大家熟悉的主动结构，而以被动结构来设题。而且该部分试题的设计比较注重实际应用，绝大部分题干的选材趋于微型语境化，从而突出了对语法知识灵活运用能力的考查。因此在备考时，同学们既要注意这些时态及其相关被动语态的基本用法，又要注意在所设定的语境中各种时态的综合应用。

三、考查非谓语动词，注重应用

非谓语动词是动词考查的重点和热点。04—07年江苏卷的单项选择题中对非谓语动词考查密度很大，非谓语动词的三大分类 (动词不定式、动词的ing形式和过去分词形式) 均出现了较频繁的考查：

1) The man insisted_____ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. (2004年25题)

    A. find     B. to find         C. on finding        D. in finding

2) The old man, ______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (2004年31题)

  A. to work       B. working        C. to have worked         D. having worked

3) ---- Is Bob still performing?

---- I'm afraid not. He is said________ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005年25题)

A. to have left         B. to leave          C. to have been left       D. to be left

4) ____ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

(2005年27题)

  A. Having lost        B. Lost             C. Being lost           D. Losing

5) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ___ the same thing.  (2006年30题)

    A. saying                  B. said                      C. to say                   D. having said

6) --- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.

  --- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.  (2006年32题)

    A. to be                 B. to have been                 C. being                D. having been

  7) --- Can I smoke here?

    --- Sorry. We don’t allow ______ here.   (2007年28题)

    A. people smoking             B. people smoke            C. to smoke           D. smoking

  8) He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______ in his lectures.

(2007年30题)

    A. interested                       B. interesting        C. interest           D. to interest

  9) My parents have always made me ______ about myself, even when I was twelve. (2007年35题)

    A. feeling well        B. feeling good        C. feel well              D. feel good

非谓语动词具有名词、形容词和副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分，同学们在复习备考时应该把重点放在学会分析它们在句子中与逻辑主语之间的关系（主动或是被动），以及它们所表示的动作或者状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或者状态之间的时间关系（一般式、进行式或是完成式），以此来确定它们的使用形式。其次，要结合非谓语动词在句子中所起的作用，把非谓语动词的复习与句型复习有机结合起来，这样就有助于掌握非谓语动词和与此有关的句型的关系，起到举一反三纵横联系的作用。

四、考查语气与主谓一致，顾及全面

动词的考查以直陈语气为主，相对说来，动词虚拟语气的考查是比较少的。在04—07年的60道单项选择题中只有一道题与虚拟语气有关：

--- Don't you think it necessary that he ____ to Miami but to New York?

--- I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to. (2005年33题 )

A. will not be sent; that  B. not be sent; that  C. should not be sent; what  D. should not send; what

这道题与固定句型it’s necessary / natural / important / strange / essential that…有关。在这个句型中，that从句中的谓语要用“should + 动词原形”形式，而且should还可以省略。

动词的考查还涉及到主谓一致问题：

A poet and artist ____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (2006年34题)

  A. is                         B. are                       C. was                      D. were

    此句的主语是a poet and artist（一个诗人也是艺术家）而非a poet and an artist（一个诗人和一个艺术家），所以谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

在备考时，考生要熟悉虚拟语气的表达形式（含条件状语从句的主从复合句中虚拟语气的表达

形式、某些名词性从句中虚拟语气的表达形式、少数其它从句中虚拟语气的表达形式、含蓄条件的表达形式以及虚拟条件句的省略倒装形式）和主谓一致的三个原则（语法一致的原则、意思一致的原则和就近的原则）。

以上是笔者对04—07年江苏自主命题英语试卷的单项选择（语法和词汇知识）题中动词试题的分析。通过以上的分析，我们可以得出如下的启示：

在高考备考中，要狠抓基础知识和基本技能的落实，系统归纳知识点；练习要精，不要盲目相信题海战术；及时梳理各个语法项目，准确理解它们的基本概念、基本形式和基本功能；重视基本词汇、句型和语法知识的积累，在真实的语境中运用所学词汇、句型和语法。总之，要一步一个脚印，牢固掌握词汇、句型和语法等基础知识，培养语用能力，将语言知识转化成语言技能，提高综合运用英语的能力。