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现在完成时易错点例析           ★★★ 【字体:
现在完成时易错点例析
作者:龚  谋    文章来源:龚 谋    点击数:    更新时间:2008-5-17

现在完成时易错点例析

·         重庆南开中学   
山东省曲阜市实验中学   

    同学们要掌握现在完成时,关键牢记两点:首先,所用动词形式在时间上与现在有关;其次,动作性质表示已经完成。下面我们从现在完成时的适用范畴和与之相搭配的时间状语两方面详细介绍,希望对同学们攻克这一考试难点有所帮助。

    一、适用范畴

    现在完成时主要用于以下两种情况:
    1.
完成用法:表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响。要充分理解其与过去的动作有关,但强调的是现在的影响和结果,表明了与现在的关系。
   
【注】  这一点要与单纯强调过去动作或状态,并且有着明确的时间状语标志的一般过去时截然分开。
   
【例】  1The train has arrived already. It arrived ten minutes ago. 显然“到达”这样的动作是过去发生了的,用过去时表达,并且有着严格的时间“ten minutes ago”来限制。而“火车已经到了”是现在事实,对现在结果的强调要用现在完成时。
   
2)—Have you written a letter to your mother?
   
Yes, I wrote one last Sunday.
   
第一句话强调信已写完,现在已寄出;第二句话只强调“wrote”这个动作发生在过去,其具体时间是“last Sunday”。

    2.
未完成用法:表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。在这一用法中,动词描述的动作必须是具有可延续性的,即延续(持续)性动词和状态动词。
   
【例】  1Jack has worked in Beijing for 2 years.
(到目前为止在北京工作了两年)

   
2We have had much rain since this summer.
(自今年夏天以来下了很多雨)

   
3Li Hong has been abroad for three years.
(到现在算来在国外呆了三年了)

   
4He has been healthy since last September.
(从去年九月到现在健康状况良好)

    二、时间状语

    根据以上介绍的现在完成时态的两种用法,有两种不同的时间状语分别与之相适用。
    1.
完成用法往往与不确定的、模糊的时间状语连用,如already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, in the last/past three years等,用来表示“到目前为止”发生的动作。
   
【例】  1We have already read this book.
(我们已看过这本书了。)

   
2Has he paid the doctor yet?
(他已付给医生钱了吗?

   
【注】  ①区别already yet的用法:在表示“已经”这样的概念时,“yet”用于否定和疑问句,“already”用于肯定句。但有时表达惊奇、不相信等强烈感情时,“already”也可用于疑问句。如:Has he already burnt the paper?他真把那张纸烧了? (表惊奇)
   
②区别justjust now的用法:“just”表示“刚刚”,与现在完成时连用;just now表示“刚才”,与一般过去时连用,不可混淆。
    He has just gone out but I saw him in the office just now.
(他刚出去,而我刚才还在办公室里见他来着。)
    2.
未完成用法往往和具体的时间段连用,指时间从过去一直持续到现在,甚至到说话时仍未结束,有可能继续持续下去,如now, this morning afternoon, week, month, year, these days, for +段时间,since+点时间等,这种时间状语下的谓语动词必须要求是可延续性动词。但是表示明确的过去时间的时间状语(如in 1949last week等)不能与现在完成时连用。
   
【例】  1I have finished my homework now.
(我已经完成了家庭作业。)

   
2They have visited many places of interest since they came here.
(自从来到这儿以后,他们已游览了许多名胜。)

   
3The girl has been away from China for three  years.(这个女孩出国已三年了。)

    三、特别提醒

    1. 时间段与现在完成时的关系
   
由“for +段时间”和“since+点时间”构成的表示时间段的时间状语(或从句)和现在完成时没有必然联系。这两种时间段常用于现在完成时第二种用法即未完成用法,但并不是说出现了这样的时间状语必须得使用现在完成时。需要说明的是,表示时间段的时间状语必须和可延续的谓语动词连用,这是必然的。
   
【例】  1Jim worked in Beijing for 2 years.(过去在北京工作过两年,现在不在)
   
2It is ten years since I left school.
(十年这个概念没更多时态变化)

   
以上两句中均用了for/since引导的时间段,但并没使用现在完成时,但“work”和“is ”均是可延续的动词。
    2.
非延续性动词和延续性动词
   
非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性,常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start,  buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等,这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
   
【例】  1He has left home for two months.(×)
   
2He has joined the army since 1998.
(×)

   
以上两句均为错误的句子,“for two months”和“since1998均表达了一段时间,而“leave”和“join”的动作性质均不可延续,所以二者不可匹配。
   
【注】  有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其实,错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配,与现在完成时态无关。
   
但是,非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续,可与for/since等时间状语连用。
  
【例】  1I havent seen him for a long time. (我很长时间没见他了。)
   
2She hasnt left home ever since she lost her job.
 
(她自从失业以来,从未离开过家。)

    3.
延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用
   
在具体的语言环境中,往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响,往往错误地直译为:
    He has fallen asleep for an hour.
他睡了一小时了。(×)
    His father has died for three years.
他父亲去世三年了。(×)
   
当出现这种情况时,我们往往采取以下解决方法:
   
1)将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如:
    He has been asleep for an hour.
fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作,但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词,可延续。)
    His father has been dead for three years.
die为短暂动词,“死”后的状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来描述,可延续。)
   
常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类:
    go there
be there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buyhave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe open, closebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe away from, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe married
   
2)运用过去时态,明确表达过去的时间(一段时间+ago)。如:He slept an hour ago.(言外之意,表示到现在已经一个小时了)

    His father died three years ago.
(表明去世已三年了)
   
3)强调时间段:运用 It is /has been+时间名词短语+since从句”来界定动作的起始。如:
    It is /has been an hour since he slept.
(强调“睡觉”时间为一小时)
    It is /has been three years since his father died.
(强调“去世”时间为三年了)
    4.
特殊结构中的现在完成时
   
在定语从句中,若先行词由形容词最高级或序数词来修饰时,该定语从句常用现在完成时。
   
【例】  1Its the most interesting book I have ever read.(迄今看过的最有趣的书)
   
2This is the second time you have failed in the exam.(第二次考试不及格了)。
    5. have
hasbeen have has gone 的区别
    have been to a place
意思是“到过、去过”,表示曾到过某处,但现在人不在那儿;have gone to a place表示“去了”,已经去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。
   
【例】  1Has she even been to Nanjing?
(她曾去过南京吗?

   
2She has gone to Nanjing. (她已经去南京了。)
   
其中,由于have/has gone to 表示被讨论的人“已经去了”,不在这儿,而现场讨论的人只能是第一人称或第二人称。所以,在have/has gone to 结构中,主语只能是第三人称,不会出现第一、二人称。如:I have gone to America.此句就不符合逻辑。
    6.
在表示时间或条件的状语从句中用现在完成时表示未来完成的动作
   
【例】  1You may go swimming if you have done your homework before nine oclock.
(如果你在九点以前做完功课,你可以去游泳。)

   
2Please let me know when you have been ready.
(你准备好了告诉我。)

   
金题精练
   
单选:
    1. He has ______ the TV set for many years.
    A. bought    B. borrowed    C. kept   D. had
    2. The meeting ______ for two minutes before I got there.
    A. has begun           B. has been on
    C. had begun           D. had been on
    3. Could you please tell me when _____ to China?
    A. have you traveled     B. you have traveled
    C. did you travel        D. you traveled
    4. Tom with his twin brother _________ the village since two years ago.
    A. have joined            B. had joined
    C. has been in            D. have been in
    5. The homeless children ________ lots of help by the people in town.
    A. have been given       B. has been given
    C. have given            D. has given
    6. My letter is still on the desk. Why _______ you ______ it?
    A. haven
t; posted        B. didnt; post
    C. wasn
t; posting         D. won
t ; post
    7. Bruce is young, but he ___ many foreign countries.
    A. has been to          B. has been for
    C. has come to          D. has gone to
    8. Mr. Smith _______ China for ten years.
    A. came to              B. has come to
    C. was in                D. has been in
    9.
May I speak to John?
   
Sorry, he ___ Japan. But he ___ in two days.
    A. has been to, will come back
    B. has gone to, will come back
    C. has been in, would come back
    D. has gone to, won
t come back
   
句型转换:

    1. Tom left here five minutes ago.
(同义句)
    Tom ___ ___ ___ from here for five minutes.
    2. The movie began half an hour ago.
(同义句)
    The movie ___ ___ ____ for half an hour.
    3. He hasn
t read such a great book since he began to work. (对画线部分提问)
    ___ ___ ____ he read such a great book?
    4. The boy said to his teacher,
I have never seen that film.”(同义句)
    The boy __ his teacher that ___ ___ ___ that film.
    5. I bought the bike two days ago.
(同义句)
    I ___ ___ the bike ___ two days.
    6.
他已参军两年。
    He has ___ ___ the army for 2 years.
    He has been ___ ___ for 2 years.
    He has been a soldier ___ 2 years ago.
    It ___ two years ___ he joined the army.
    It ___ ___ two years since he joined the army.
    Two years ___ ___ since he joined the army.
    7. He has died.
(用for three years作时间状语)
    8. The shop opened at 8 am.
    The shop ___ ___ ____ since 8 am.
    9.
翻译:①他已去了北京。
   
②他去过北京。
   
③他在北京待了两年。
    Keys

   
单选1. D  2. D  3. B  4. C  5. A  6. A  7. A  8. D  9. B
   
句型转换
1. has been away 2. has been on
    3. How long hasn
t  4. told; he hadn
t seen
    5. has had; for 6. been in; a soldier; since; is, since; has been; has passed
    7. He has been dead for three years.
    8. has been open
    9.
He has gone to Beijing.  He has been to Beijing.  He has been in Beijing for 2 years.

 

 

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