1. V.+by + Sth或doing sth(by后面可以加名词或动名词短语)通过……方式 如:I learnt English by studying with a group
by 还可以表示:By是个很常用的介词(有时也用作副词),在初中英语中的用法有以下几种:
(1)意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如:有的在大树下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖边画画儿。 Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. (2)意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如: Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲? (3)表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如: The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 (4)用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。如: English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。(即“许多人讲英语。”) (8)组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”,常做插入语。如: By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know? 顺便问